The supernatant into a heat-resistant tube. In: Miller SE, Weller JM, eds. This cast would best be classified as a waxy cast, because of the typical cracks on the sides of this cast, even though the surface is still granular (500). TLVs are: a. exposure levels permitted for employees b. tracing lower volume c. a biohazard risk d. threshold limit values 6.
Fatty casts; polarized light (POL); urine sediment; 400. ance test, blood lipid and albumin levels, a urinalysis, and a urine. Casts have a tendency to move toward the edge of the coverslip, so the entire periphery of the coverslip should be scanned. Wright–Giemsa stain and polarized light). The "X" of each crystal is very prominent (500). Ions catalyze the oxidation of a chromogen. Index Note: f and t refer to figures and tables. Informed consent: The patient has the right to know what is going to be done in a medical test and what will be done with the results of the test. Graff's Textbook of Urinalysis and Body Fluids 3rd –. Some of the disorders associated with excess urine mucopolysaccharides are Hurler syndrome (gargoylism [X-linked autosomal recessive gene]), Hunter syndrome (gargoylism [X-linked recessive gene]), Sanfilippo syndrome, Scheie syndrome, Morquio syndrome, and Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome. Although some laboratories do not examine sediment of urines with negative chemistry findings, including examination of all urine sediments may help identify specimens that have altered results. 5, due to the growth of Lactobacillus species and its acidic byproducts. Crystals are frequently present together in the urine of patients with liver disease. See Thormahlen test Sodium urates, 68, 69f, 119f polarization, 224 square ends, 118f and WBC, 118f Specific gravity measurement techniques, 312–313 reagent strips, 32–33, 33f of urine specimen, 31 vs. osmolality, 33 Sperm agglutination, 268 anomalies, 271f.
1 Ammonia and amylase levels are increased in bowel necrosis. This finding is not specific for Reiter syndrome. Other laboratories may report casts as rare, few, moderate, or many. Mucous threads are long, thin, wavy threads of ribbonlike. Another common reason for a pale stool is the presence of barium sulfate from a barium enema performed for radiological testing.
Other characteristics of this disease include lighter skin and hair color than siblings, because melanin is normally formed from tyrosine; seizures; susceptibility to eczema; and the presence of the metabolite phenylacetic acid, which gives the urine the characteristic "musty" or "mousy" odor. Conditions that are specific to increased intrathecal synthesis of IgG can be identified by using albumin values as a reference to calculate a CSF IgG index by the following formula. Classify this effusion as transudate or exudate. Graff's textbook of urinalysis and body fluids 3rd edition pdf document. Exposure control plan: A laboratory plan that sets forth the requirements for personnel and environmental protection from pathogens that may contaminate human blood and blood-associated materials with the assumption that all specimens may contain pathogens.
In amebic infections, eosinophils are also often present. Because the ferric chloride test is based on the principle of the oxidation of the colorless melanogen to the pigmented melanin, it will also yield a positive result in melanuria but with a different color than for PKU. First of all, they usually have dark edges; casts do not have dark edges. Graff's textbook of urinalysis and body fluids 3rd edition pdf ebook. Some of the images where photographed after staining with Sternheimer-Malbin stain and are noted as "SM-stained. Describe the methods for measuring urine concentration. AimStick9 (50 mg/dL). Her urine output is decreased and she has edema with puffy eyelids.
Mixed cell cast, WBCs, and RBCs. The presence of bacteria is easily recognized when the sediment is viewed under high-power magnification (Fig. Urine collected in a bedpan that also contains feces is not an acceptable specimen, nor is urine that has been squeezed out of a diaper. Note: sensitivities are for albumin. Illustration of Multistix 10 SG. Even with the widespread use of the rapid and convenient screening procedures, it is still necessary to understand the basic principles of the tests as well as the correct technique to be used. 000 plus the scale reading. In its most serious states, NEC may lead to severe acute infection and overwhelming multisystem organ failure and death from systemic sepsis or chronic infection and failure to thrive. This should be monitored in diabetes mellitus types I and II and hypertension and is related to kidney disease, subclinical cardiovascular disease, and with rapid increases after admission to the intensive care unit, even respiratory distress and organ failure. Graff's textbook of urinalysis and body fluids 3rd edition pdf format. These patients have increased urine levels of glucose with normal blood glucose levels. A previously undiagnosed glycosuria should be followed up by such studies as a glucose tolerance test, 2-hour postprandial glucose, and fasting blood sugar. This chronic disease is currently the leading cause of end stage renal disease. Her blood pressure has become elevated.
Case 10-2 A pleural fluid was obtained on a patient in the emergency department. 3 If the volume of CSF collected is inadequate to fill more than one tube, microbiology procedures should be performed first and then any remaining specimen may be used for cell counts and chemistries. Liz Johnson Apollo College Albuquerque, New Mexico. The bromine test is a similar, older rapid test that could be used in screening for melanuria, although it has largely been replaced by the newer screening methods of the newborn screening divisions of the state public health laboratories.
Abnormally decreased amounts of amniotic fluid, oligohydramnios, can occur with premature rupture of the membranes and with congenital malformations. WBCs that can be present in CSF include neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Preserves urine sediment. What changes in urine sediment can take place over. The observance of foam and its color should guide the technologist's interpretation of chemical tests and selection of confirmatory procedures. These are some of the conditions that can be detected by fecal analysis. OTHER BODY FLUIDS A variety of other body fluids are tested less frequently but still yield important clinical information. Despite about 9 L of water entering the small intestine from ingestion and digestive fluids, only about 0.
This condition is also called necrotizing or crescentic glomerulonephritis (due to its pathologic appearance with crescentshaped glomeruli). A few leukocytes can normally be found in secretions from the male and female genital tracts, so the possibility of a contaminated urine should be considered. Fenestrated endothelial cell. At birth, the clinical and biochemical abnormalities of these disorders are usually not detectable because, prenatally, the accumulation of any abnormal metabolites is presumably cleared through the mother's circulation. Pellicle (only CSF, indicates presence of excess protein) Clotted. For a more detailed discussion of the aminoacidurias, including the defective enzymes, the affected amino acids, and other clinical manifestations of the diseases, refer to Frimpter, 18 Efron, 16 or Thomas and Howell. 1 Because blood cells may be introduced into a CSF specimen at the time of lumbar puncture, careful differentiation between traumatic tap and hemorrhage must be made. Inferior vena cava Abdominal aorta Right and left common iliac artery and vein Right and left internal iliac artery and vein. Colors are produced by substances other than diacetic acid, such as blue to red-violet by salicylates, green by phenylpyruvic acid, dark red by aminopyrine, and gray by melanin. Normal CSF is clear and colorless and demonstrates a viscosity similar to water. Also established are regulations that vary with the level of testing.